Empirical research indicates that even brief periods of extreme heat exposure are associated with adverse outcomes related to pregnancy, such as pre-eclampsia, gestational diabetes, preterm birth, low birthweight, and stillbirth. Although the detrimental effects of extreme heat exposure on pregnancy outcomes have emerged as a priority research area, the potential longterm consequences of prenatal heat exposure on health in childhood and adulthood have been overlooked in climate change and health discussions. Although the exact biological mechanisms remain to be established, protracted exposure to extreme heat during pregnancy is likely to affect fetal programming through complex cellular and molecular pathways, which has the potential in some cases to lead to lifelong physical and neurological disorders in affected children.